6,564 research outputs found
Keratinocytes from human skin respond as typical immune cells after the stimulation with _Trichophyton rubrum_
_Trichophyton rubrum_ is the main agent causing dermatophytosis (1). Keratinocytes are
considered to be the first physical barrier of defense against pathogens (2). But not
only a physical barrier. They recognize antigens through Toll like receptors (TLR) (3).
The activation of this TLR, present on the surface of the keratinocytes, induce the
expression of different pro-inflammatory cytokines, co-stimulatory molecules and
antimicrobial peptides such as [beta]-defensins (4).
The main objective of this work is to determine if lipopolysaccharides of G – bacteria
(LPS), lipotheichoic acid from G+ bacteria (LTA), and conidias, isolated from _T. rubrum_
were able to activate the expression of TLR2 and TLR6 on the cell surface of a primary
culture of human keratinocytes through Flow cytometry. Furthermore we are looking for
the presence of [beta]-defensins 1 and 2, IL-1b and IL-8 in the supernatant, of the above
mentioned culture of cells, by Western blot.
From the flow cytometry data, the preliminary results showed an important dispersion
in terms of proliferation, increase in size and granularity of keratinocytes, from primary
cultures of skin from healthy donors, stimulated 6 hours with conidias of _T. rubrum_, and
LTA, but not when non stimulated, or stimulated with LPS (Fig 1).
When keratinocytes from primary cultures of skin from healthy donors were cultivated
48 hours, it was found dispersion in terms of proliferation, increase in size and
granularity when stimulated with conidias of _T. rubrum_, and LPS but not when non
stimulated, or stimulated with LTA (Fig 2).
The keratinocytes expressed increased levels of TLR2 and TLR6 when were
stimulated with LTA and less to _T. rubrum_, in the 6 hours cultures, but this last cells still
showed increased size (Fig 3).
The Keratinocytes expressed increased levels of TLR2 in the 48 hours cultures when
were stimulated with LPS and _T. rubrum_.(Fig 4)
Besides, [beta]-defensin-2 was detected in the supernatant of cultures of keratinocytes
stimulated with LPS (Fig 5).
It can preliminary be concluded that keratinocytes from primary cultures of human skin from healthy donors, are cells that respond as typical immune cells, after stimulation
with _T. rubrum_, LTA and LPS in different conditions, and that this mechanism may be
very important, for the protection of local environment. 

References
1.- Arenas R., Dermatofitosis en México. Rev Iberoam Micol 2002; 19: 63-67.
2.- Kupper T. and Fuhlbrigge R. Immune surveillance in the skin: mechanims and clinical consecuences.
Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4: 211-222
3.- Kôllish G., Naderi B., Voelcker V., Wallich R., Behrendt H., Ring J., Bauer S., Jacob T., Mempel M. and
Olelrt M. Various members of the Toll-Like receptor family contribute to the innate immune response of
human epidermal keratinocytes. Immunology 2005; 114: 531-541.
4.- Akira, S. and Takeda K. 2004. Toll-like Receptor Signalling. Nature Reviews Immunology 4:499-511
A Visualization of Null Geodesics for the Bonnor Massive Dipole
In this work we simulate null geodesics for the Bonnor massive dipole metric
by implementing a symbolic-numerical algorithm in Sage and Python. This program
is also capable of visualizing in 3D, in principle, the geodesics for any given
metric. Geodesics are launched from a common point, collectively forming a cone
of light beams, simulating a solid-angle section of a point source in front of
a massive object with a magnetic field. Parallel light beams also were
considered, and their bending due to the curvature of the space-time was
simulated.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures, Presented at XIX Simposio Internacional de
M\'etodos Matem\'aticos Aplicados a las Ciencias (19th International
Symposium of Mathematical Methods Applied to Sciences, XIX-SIMMAC
Sistematizaci?n de experiencias y su aporte a la pr?ctica pedag?gica
56 p. Recurso Electr?nicoNuestro prop?sito en el presente trabajo es recalcar la importancia de la sistematizaci?n de experiencia en el ?mbito pedag?gico, para lo cual nos enfocaremos en analizar diferentes teor?as referentes al tema, esto con el fin de explicar cuan profundo y complejo es este proceso y c?mo su realizaci?n nos genera grandes aportes en un campo como la ense?anza. Para nuestro trabajo utilizaremos los aportes realizados por autores como: Marco Ra?l Mej?a, Oscar Jara Holliday, Ana Bickel, Antoni Verger Planells, Herman Van de Velde, Claudia Patricia Roa Mendoza, Alexander Arbey S?nchez Upegui, Mar?a Mercedes Barnechea Garc?a, Luz Dary Ruiz Botero. Analizaremos la convergencia que tienen estos autores respecto a 3 categor?as (Concepto, Estrategias de sistematizaci?n y Herramientas de sistematizaci?n) pudiendo as? establecer un conceso entre dichos te?ricos lo que nos permitir? plantear una nueva mirada a ?ste tipo de procesos.Our purpose in the present work is to emphasize the importance of the systematization of experience in the pedagogical field, for which we will focus on analyzing different theories referring to the theme, in order to explain how deep and complex this process is and how its realization generates great contributions in a field such as teaching. For our work we will use the contributions made by authors such as Marco Ra?l Mej?a, Oscar Jara Holliday, Ana Bickel, Antoni Verger Planells, Herman Van de Velde, Claudia Patricia Roa Mendoza, Alexander Arbey S?nchez Upegui, Mar?a Mercedes Barnechea Garc?a, Luz Dary Ruiz Botero . We will analyze the convergence that these authors have with respect to 3 categories (Concept, Strategies of systematization and Tools of systematization), thus establishing a concession between these theorists which will allow us to propose a new look at this type of processes.
Keywords: Systematization of experiences, pedagogy, process analysis, teaching, systematization, strategies, systematization tools
Star-Forming AGN Host Galaxies
The symbiosis of nuclear activity and star-formation in galaxies, as
manifested in their spectral energy distributions (SEDs) is reviewed. Attention
is drawn to an Hertzsprung-Russell diagram-equivalent for such objects, as well
as to the importance of the SEDs in cosmological context.Comment: Invited review for FIRSED2000 Workshop (Groningen, April 2000
Spin-orbit induced mixed-spin ground state in NiO perovskites probed by XAS: new insight into the metal to insulator transition
We report on a Ni L edges x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) study
in NiO perovskites. These compounds exhibit a metal to insulator ()
transition as temperature decreases. The L edge presents a clear
splitting in the insulating state, associated to a less hybridized ground
state. Using charge transfer multiplet calculations, we establish the
importance of the crystal field and 3d spin-orbit coupling to create a
mixed-spin ground state. We explain the transition in NiO
perovskites in terms of modifications in the Ni crystal field splitting
that induces a spin transition from an essentially low-spin (LS) to a
mixed-spin state.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, accepted as PRB - Rapid Comm. Dez. 200
Short-range charge-order in NiO perovskites (=Pr,Nd,Eu) probed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy
The short-range organization around Ni atoms in orthorhombic NiO
(=Pr,Nd,Eu) perovskites has been studied over a wide temperature range by Ni
K-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy. Our results demonstrate that two
different Ni sites, with different average Ni-O bond lengths, coexist in those
orthorhombic compounds and that important modifications in the Ni nearest
neighbors environment take place across the metal-insulator transition. We
report evidences for the existence of short-range charge-order in the
insulating state, as found in the monoclinic compounds. Moreover, our results
suggest that the two different Ni sites coexists even in the metallic state.
The coexistence of two different Ni sites, independently on the ion,
provides a common ground to describe these compounds and shed new light in the
understanding of the phonon-assisted conduction mechanism and unusual
antiferromagnetism present in all NiO compounds.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, accepted PRB - Brief Report Dec.200
CAST constraints on the axion-electron coupling
In non-hadronic axion models, which have a tree-level axion-electron interaction, the Sun produces a strong axion flux by bremsstrahlung, Compton scattering, and axiorecombination, the "BCA processes." Based on a new calculation of this flux, including for the first time axio-recombination, we derive limits on the axion-electron Yukawa coupling gae and axion-photon interaction strength ga using the CAST phase-I data (vacuum phase). For ma <~ 10 meV/c2 we find ga gae < 8.1 × 10−23 GeV−1 at 95% CL. We stress that a next-generation axion helioscope such as the proposed IAXO could push this sensitivity into a range beyond stellar energy-loss limits and test the hypothesis that white-dwarf cooling is dominated by axion emission
Spatial clustering of interacting bugs: Levy flights versus Gaussian jumps
A biological competition model where the individuals of the same species
perform a two-dimensional Markovian continuous-time random walk and undergo
reproduction and death is studied. The competition is introduced through the
assumption that the reproduction rate depends on the crowding in the
neighborhood. The spatial dynamics corresponds either to normal diffusion
characterized by Gaussian jumps or to superdiffusion characterized by L\'evy
flights. It is observed that in both cases periodic patterns occur for
appropriate parameters of the model, indicating that the general macroscopic
collective behavior of the system is more strongly influenced by the
competition for the resources than by the type of spatial dynamics. However,
some differences arise that are discussed.Comment: This version incorporates in the text the correction published as an
Erratum in Europhysics Letters (EPL) 95, 69902 (2011) [doi:
10.1209/0295-5075/95/69902
On the Formation of Copper Linear Atomic Suspended Chains
We report high resolution transmission electron microscopy and classical
molecular dynamics simulation results of mechanically stretching copper
nanowires conducting to linear atomic suspended chains (LACs) formation. In
contrast with some previous experimental and theoretical work in literature
that stated that the formation of LACs for copper should not exist our results
showed the existence of LAC for the [111], [110], and [100] crystallographic
directions, being thus the sequence of most probable occurence.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
- …